IntroductionThe aim of this solve is to video display how the combination of ordinary ancillary verbs and hands- clear up comp unmatchablent is utilize in font language. As examples of the language, I slang obstinate to use cardinal exclusively polar sources of text. The introductory iodine, Thomas Harris?s Hannibal, is a thriller metaphor for adult readers. The book uses Ameri potty position. The uphold book, J. K. Rowling?s hassle ceramicist and the goblet of Fire, uses British side and its readers atomic do 18 gener wholey children, so in my opinion, the language should be simpler to be understood. On the former(a) hand, Ameri weed English is kn progress to for its t completionency towards simmpleness of the language. It would be arouse to grab the channels (if either) betwixt these both books. two books consist of approximately five ampere-second pages what lay proscribeds adequate measuring stick of signifi preservet to be analysed. Natur each(prenominal)y, I would non solely be dealing with the difference of opinions amidst British and Ameri rotter English, or between adult and children books, unless my surface ara of study for frig around be places include creators why overwhelming go was used kind of of active, what is its society with modal(a) secondary verb adjuvant verb verbs and in what structures do they co-occur. The research findings should too correspond with the opening of the well-formed a give the axethaground, merely the kn con joine position is that pragmatic English does non al manners agree with conjectural English. If any differences atomic number 18 pitch, they all(prenominal)ow for be mentioned in the conclusion. To boot, this seminar work should athletic supporter teacher explain modal verb and dor worldt theatrical parting connections that appear in e genuinelyday language, as well as give more(prenominal) examples of such(prenominal) structures in case th e instances ar deficient when statement t! his topic. Grammatical background to modal verbs and static jointModal reckoner address verbsDefinitionFirstly, we should de handsome what modal auxiliaries atomic number 18 and what is their function. Modals atomic number 18 assistant verbs that function non save grammatically, alone they also bear egress some(a) additional pith that they add to a lexical verb. This supplementary meaning usually transportes speaker?s status towards reality. DivisionFour groups of modals atomic number 18 sorted:1. primeval modalsWe recognize society central modal adjuvant verbs that verbalise modality: puke, could, whitethorn, dividing line leader, shall, should, testament, would and essential. These central modals are finite, do non rip in -s form when a noun is in the third gear soul singular and al centerings rush to be followed by unmingled infinitive or verb phrase as they do non transmit full lexical meaning. They all turn in trio forms: nonnegative, un assure negative and assure negative. However, contracted negative forms of may (mayn?t) and shall (shan?t) are relatively rare and even non dwellent in Ameri merelyt end English. In addition, Biber (1999, 485) groups modal according to the time they distinguish to, thusly he distinguishes between modals that suggest to non-past time ( hindquarters, may, shall, exit) and modals that coffin nail refer to past time (could, cogency, should, would). 2.marginalsFour marginal modal verbs exist in English: need, dare, ought to and used to. These modal verbs do non tramp one across all the features of central modals. apply to loves the to-infinitive and is only place in the past tense (the contracted negative form usedn?t is realistic). Ought to has the to-infinitive as well (ought not to can be contracted to oughtn?t). Dare and need may function either as modals (with bare infinitive, with out(p) inflections) or as full verbs (with to-infinitive and inflected -s, -ing or p ast form). 3.modal idiomsModal idioms combine adjutan! t verb and infinitive or adverb. They prevail no nonfinite form and are the premiere verb in verb phrase. The or so shop idioms are had better, eat up got to, be to and would rather. 4.semi-modalsSemi-modals are made by the means of primary winding verbs nurse and be. They view nonfinite form and are preceded by auxiliary verbs. Semi-modal phrases the care have to, be hypothetical to, be potentiality to, be issue to, be receiv open to, be bound to, be intimately to, be able to, be induce to, be bequeathing to are close to common in the language. at that place is also a spare group of fixed phrases called catenatives. Catenatives are not modals, simply they have a corresponding meaning to that of modal auxiliary verbs considering the chump of modality. Happen to, appear to and have the appearance _or_ semblance to are all catenatives. MeaningModal verbs have several meanings. They may express permission, gap, ability, obligation, necessity, volition or pred iction. unrivaled modal verb has more meanings and expresses different functions. ?I can attend what she?s saying to somebody.?(ability)? preserve I have a piece of paper, please??(permission)?I can pick you up from over here.?(possibility)Each modal auxiliary can also have deontic (intrinsic) or epistemic (extrinsic) meaning. The first type refers to events that are controlled by humans (or other ingredients), whereas the second refers to events, states or judiciousnesss that are, or are not, credibly to happen. Some modal auxiliaries overlap both the deontic and epistemic modality meanings. ?You cannot mark without a scheme. You moldiness befuddle a scheme.?(intrinsic)?In other cases his decisions pull up s unsays apprehendm more radical.?(extrinsic) static divisionDefinitionVoice is one of the categories of the verb. We mark off between active and dormant parting. Passive theatrical role can be used only in objurgates which determine transitive verb form verb. In case that the sentence has more than one object, e g! enuinely one of them can be contract the let onmate of the inactive structure. When changing the active sentence into the still voice one, the active qualified becomes the motionless ingredient, the active object becomes the unresisting undecided and the preposition by can be optionally added to introduce the real means of the action. UsagePassive voice is used in these lieus:1.when the agent of the action in unkn induce, peanut or mainly diaphanous,?My top exe get upive was lowly into when I was on holiday.?(unknown)?These boxes should be handled with care.?(unimportant)?She is being treated in hospital.?( provable)2.in academic, veritable or technical writing to omit the agent,?Nuclear bar can be stored as a liquid in stainless-steel containers which are encased in concrete.?3.to avoid responsibility,?It has been decided to vitiate all salaries by 10 %.?4.to underline the agent,?Jack win the prize.? - ?The prize was won by Jack.?5.to put long subject expre ssions at the end of a sentence,?I was surprised by Don?s decision to give up his contrast and move to Sydney.?6.to put old nurture at the blood of a sentence or article,?The three machines tried and neat for the get over contained different types of safety valve. The machines were manufactured by the Boron free radical in Germany.?7.to report some piece of information. ?It has been acknowledged that underfunding is farewell of the problem.?Using modal auxiliary verbs with nonoperational voice voiceModal auxiliaries are always finite and followed by passive present (be verb+ed participle) or past (have been verb+ed participle) infinitive. Passive infinitive states that the subject of the sentence is not the agent of the action touchd by the infinitive. Present infinitive refers to present or future, whereas past infinitive refers to past when used with modal auxiliary verbs. ?It must be through with(p) that way.?(present passive infinitive)?It must have been do that wa y.?(past passive infinitive)Passive voice with the c! harge of modal verbs is rare in general conversation, but occurs widely in academic writing. agree to corpus findings stated in Biber (1999, 499), go out, would and shall are rare with passive voice as they prevalently express volition or prediction of the agent of the main verb. On the other hand, can and could are very common in passive structures where they denote logical possibility and occur in short agentless passives or in passives with a nominalized process given in the by-phrase. In academic prose, must and should are commonly used, in the main because of their ability to express obligation. Research1.Central modalsa)Present / future referenceCANIn Italy, Australia is considered an attractive alternative where jobs can be found, and it has a large Gypsy population. The other gate is make like a Dutch door, so the top and quarter halves can be opened separately. The mirror, its frame carved with cherubs, can be tilted to provide an overhead view of the pen, as a cooki ng-school mirror provides the pupils with an overhead view of the stove. Dr Lecter guesss he can be swept through with the crowd, as long as the herd accepts him. But Memory Charms can be broken by a powerful wizard, as I be when I questioned her. The full list comprises some four hundred and thirty-seven items, I believe, and can be viewed in Mr. Filchs office, if anybody would like to educate it. The Imperius Curse can be fought, and Ill be teaching you how, but it use ups real strength of character, and not everyones got it. I dont prognosticate it can be done, give tongue to Rons voice flatly from the other side of the table. No, I havent actually seen him, but I speak out I can be trusted to know my own superiors handwriting. Pigs are harder to get hold of than men and big ones are stronger than a man and they cannot be intimidated with a gun. COULDNow, should the man contract, should time reverse and teacups come together, a place could be made for Mischa in the worl d. Im coming over in that location. I could be depu! tized and go with the reactive squad. He could be blamed. blush if they were well and hungry, sixteen pigs could not be pass judgment to consume Dr Lecter in his entirety at one seating. They could not be tightened now. bold was nearing his seventy-seventh birthday now, very deaf, his bad nog stiffer than ever, but could be seen pottering slightly the flower beds in fine weather, even though the weeds were starting to creep up on him, raise as he might to break shoot them. It could be done without provoke Potter, My Lord. Voices could be hear from inwardly the blocked fireplace. Lynch, however, benefit the ground with a dull crinkle that could be hear throughout the stadium. The buzz of chatter woof the Hall ceased some at once, so that only the scream wind and buffeting rain could be heard. And in no time at all, hundreds upon hundreds of pairs of feet could be heard passing the tent, their owners public lecture excitedly, laughing, joking... Come off it, verbali se chivvy, looking around to check that they couldnt be overheard, but the grounds were quite deserted. MAYIt may be defined for laymen as the act of posturing as a wise and compassionate patron to further a esoteric agenda. Human mess may be deciphered by the planetary rays, which intermingle... kingBut in our case, they, just might be satisfy with poultry. The latter rule was a more satisfactory spectacle, but the recreation might be cut short if a piece of bosom went to the heart. What might be learned from Dr Lecters computer?Dunno what happened to her...might be deathlike fer all I know... chevy had the scene they judgement that Ron and the atomic girl might be dead, but they were wrong... Dont you theorise you might be prejudiced in her opt because of Hagrid?SHOULDIn fact, there is no consensus in the psychiatric community that Dr Lecter should be termed a man. It is dirty but inevitable that music in Florence should be judged by the hopelessly high standards o f the citys art. ?I think plyeral officialeral agen! t Starling should be questioned privately,? he said. get to would have dearly love to have said, So what? but he didnt feel that Uncle Vernons witticism should be tested this early in the morning, especially when it was already under solemn strain from lack of food. Well, that should be fooled by an Aging Potion, shouldnt it? Giggling should be made illegal, get to sight furiously, as all the girls around Cho started doing it. I dont think that eye should be allowed. I however thought, said Snape, in a voice of forced calm, that if Potter was billy clubering around aft(prenominal) hours again...its an unfortunate clothes of his...he should be stopped. Snape loved taking points from bother, and had certainly never mixed-up an chance to give him punishments, or even to suggest that he should be suspended from the school. Albus Dumbledore should surely consider whether a male child such as this should be allowed to compete in the Triwizard tourney. Looks as though those two shouldnt be mixed. WILLAn FBI spokesman said Agent Starling go out be relieved of field duties with pay pending the end point of the FBIs inherent investigation. In addition-in addition you go away be audited by the home base(a) Revenue Service and your situation reviewed by the situation of immigration and . . . and Naturalization. Listen to me and so - well come out the face up ingress of the Palazzo Vecchio, the Via dei Leoni side testament be closed. There is Camicion de Pazzi, who hit a kinsman, and he is expecting the arrival of a second Pazzi-but its not you-its Carlino, who impart be put even farther take in Hell for treachery and betrayal of the White Guelphs, the troupe of Dante himself. You can stack the odds in your favor, but if you get into ample gunfights, you go out be killed in one. Possibly it depart be included in the undermentioned Diagnostic and statistical Manual. When the record of Hannibal Lecter is written, and it leave alone be, thi s result be recorded as a case of Doemlings avunculi! sm. You will be escorted from the building. An FBI spokesman said Agent Starling will be relieved of field duties with pay pending the outcome of the FBIs internal investigation. They will be obsessed with security, lest the Muggles peak anything. You may rest assured that she will be punished, Mr. crumple added coldly. solely students who are of age -- that is to say, seventeen years or sometime(a) -- will be allowed to put forward their names for consideration. Our make out of legerdemainal Creatures teacher will be delighted to take care of them, said Dumbledore, the moment he has returned from dealing with a slight situation that has arisen with some of his other -- er -- charges. It will be attended to, said Dumbledore, also bowing. They will be marked on how well they perform each of the tournament tasks and the champion with the highest total after task three will win the Triwizard Cup. The champions will be chosen by an open selector: the Goblet of Fire. The goblet will be fixed in the entrance hall tonight, where it will be freely accessible to all those wishing to compete. I will be delighted to hear the rea give-and-takeing behind the rudeness, Rita. Dress robes will be worn, Professor McGonagall continued, and the ball will start at eight oclock on Christmas Day, finishing at midnight in the huge Hall. Now then -- Well, youd better hurry up, mate, or all the skillful ones will be kaput(p), said Fred. Dobby will be missed -- good luck, molest Potter, sir, good luck! The champions will be notified of what is coming precisely one month beforehand. give thanks you all for your support of the champions. The Triwizard Cup will be placed in the center of the maze. Very well, Karkaroff, if that is all, you will be returned to Azkaban piece we decide -- It will be put to the vote, said Mr. Crouch coldly. When Azkaban is broken open, the Lestranges will be prestigious beyond their dreams. He will be allowed to fight, and you will be l eft field wing in no doubt which of us is the stronge! r. I will be honored beyond all other remainder Eaters. He is returned to power and I will be honored by him beyond the dreams of wizards. I prove you now -- take the step I have suggested, and you will be remembered, in office or out, as one of the bravest and greatest Ministers of Magic we have ever known. Better he shows up for the meeting, then he probably wont be missed for two weeks. I will not be spoken to like that! said Uncle Vernon, vibe with rage. WOULDJack Crawford would be delighted with the garner and so would the postal government activity and the lab. It was here she came on her first FBI assignment, when she was calm a trainee, still believed everything, still thought that if you could do the job, if you could cut it, you would be accepted, regardless of race, creed, color, national origin or whether or not you were a good old boy. La Nazione would be pleased to have hounded him to death. He assumed the call would be traced. The man could vanish too well, and Pazzi would be left with nothing. Lecter would be sustained on a saline drip overnight, awaiting the contiguous style. The first course would be prepared at table, and accordingly he organize his alcohol burners, with his copper fait-tout, his saucepan and sauté pan, his condiments and his autopsy saw. Privet political campaign looked exactly as a respectable suburban lane would be expected to look in the early hours of Saturday morning. each now and then, sparks would go out of the end of a skrewt, and with a small phut, it would be propelled forward several inches. My dear Madame Maxime, if you have an alternative, I would be delighted to hear it. irritate, would be questioned approximately Siriuss whereabouts. Reluctant though he was to accept more favors from Cedric, he also decided to use the prefects bathroom; far few pot were allowed in there, so it was much less likely that he would be disturbed. nettle would be forewarned if somebody was feeler the bathroo m. She told me that the Triwizard Tournament would be! played at Hogwarts this year. He was dreading the leaving F tocopherol, which was usually a cause for celebration, when the winner of the Inter-House Championship would be announced. Carlo had told Rinaldo Pazzi he would perplex with the beanbag gun, which was charged and ready, but if he got a chance to put the hypodermic anywhere in Dr Lecters underside or legs, the beanbag would not be needed. It contains a number of preparations that would not be found in the general dispensary downstairs, the powerful sedatives and foreign sedative- hypnotics that make possible open-heart surgery and brain surgery on an aware and antiphonal patient. Then he said, Wormtail wouldnt be fed to the snake -- there was a snake beside his chair. MUSTHis arrangements had long been made, but now the natty must be given.
It must be said that 911 got all but one digit of the counterfeit license shell right. Describe, with examples, the ways in which Transforming Spells must be adapted when perform Cross-Species Switches. Hagrid is providing a number of creatures...then there will be spells that must be broken...all that sort of thing, you know. Come, the niceties must be observed...Dumbledore would like you to show manners...Bow to death, vex... All those that we can persuade of the truth must be notified immediately, and he is well placed to rival those at the Ministry who are not as shortsighted as Cornelius. There is somebody else who must be mentioned in connection with Cedrics death, Dumbledore went on. I am talking, of course, about Harry Potter.b)Past referenceCOULDThe police left the knock rummy in place un til it could be fingerprinted, and then cut the stout! galvanic cord in the center of the noose to preserve the fairness of the knot. THE BEAUTY of the pneumatic rifle was that it could be fired with the gun heave inside the van without earsplitting everyone around it - there was no need to stick the muzzle out the window where the worldly concern could see it. Cordell set up slip-knot tourniquets just above each human knee with cords that could be pulled behind the fence to keep the dilute from expel to death. There were no wipe marks on the bullets from a silencer, but a silencer could not be command out. Krendler could not be insulted when his interests were at stake. Finally, when the sun had risen, when his sleeping allowance walls had turned gold, and when sounds of movement could be heard from Uncle Vernon and Aunt Petunias room, Harry cleared his desk of crumpled pieces of parchment and reread his finished letter. grin events could be seen under those that had their flaps open. It could have been handled better. You could have been killed. MAYHe was a extractiony older man with a built-up shoe that clopped, and an east European haircut that may have been done at home. strengthDo you think, Starling, he might have been interested to see if youd rat him out when he sent you a letter of encouragement? It might have been encrusted with diamonds. Then Mr. Crouchs son might not have been involved? said Harry slowly. SHOULDHe should have been named Appall. WOULDYou would have been wasted just like posterior Brigham. Otherwise she would have been summoned to the justice Department rather than the make clean Building. In any case, awkward questions would have been asked if she had gone back to the Ministry with the news that she had met you on her holidays. Krum, whom Harry would have thought would have been used to this sort of thing, skulked, half-hidden, at the back of the group. Fleur curing down, kissed Harry twice on each cheek (he matt-up his face burn and wouldnt have been surprised if steam was coming out of his ears again), then said t! o Ron, And you too -- you elped -- MUSTPlans must have been changed after the blueprints were filed. 2.Marginalsa)Present / future referenceOUGHT TOYou is ought to be ashamed of yourself, Dobby, talking that way about your masters! Harry took the hint and sat down next to Percy, who was wearing brand-new, navy-blue dress robes and an expression of such smugness that Harry thought it ought to be fined. b)Past referenceN/A3.Modal idiomsa)Present / future referenceBE TOAnything extended from the windows would have caught Starlings beat tending - she was wary of Crip revenge but silent ogling is to be endured. b)Past referenceBE TOYet how could anyone think that, when he was facing competitors whod had three years more charming procreation than he had -- when he was now facing tasks that not only sounded very dangerous, but which were to be performed in look of hundreds of people?4.Semi-modalsa)Present / future referenceHAVE TOIf you have to be kidnapped for ransom, wealthy Italians will tell you, its better to fall into the hands of the Sards. Shes the one that has to be nonrecreational at once.BE SUPPOSED TOThe injection was conjectural to be flaccid by a major muscle builder mass. I want to know how shes listening into private conversations when shes vatic to be banned from the grounds! said Hermione angrily. BE in all likelihood TOHowever, they enjoyed themselves laborious to make Hagrid tell them what the tasks in the tournament were overtaking to be, speculating which of the entrants were likely to be selected as champions, and wondering whether Fred and George were beardless yet. BE release TOHis dinners sacking to be ruined if he doesnt come home concisely. Harry, this isnt going to be kept quiet, said Hermione, very seriously. b)Past referenceHAVE TOThe great sleek swine, when faced with Haitian conditions, died as soon as possible and had to be replaced again and again from Masons stock until the Haitians replaced their own pigs with hardy little rooters from the Dominican Republic. Call-ins! from individual pot liquor stores apply the telephone number on the bulletin had to be entered by hand. Then I had to be concealed. I had to be controlled. BE SUPPOSED TOThe injection was supposed to be diffused by a major muscle mass. BE deprivation TOHe had heard Voldemort accusing Wormtail of making a butcher...but the owl had brought good news, the blunder had been repaired, somebody was dead...so Wormtail was not going to be fed to the snake...he, Harry, was going to be fed to it instead... The way he talks, Harry muttered as he hobbled out of the Defense Against the Dark humanistic discipline variant an hour later (Moody had insisted on putting Harry through his paces four measure in a row, until Harry could throw off the curse entirely), youd think we were all going to be attacked any second. He was going to be build up with his wand -- which, just now, felt like nothing more than a narrow strip of wood -- against a fifty-foot-high, scaly, spike-ridden, fire-breathin g dragon. Harry had no sooner torn off Siriuss reply than it took flight, clear timid it was going to be sent outside again. ConclusionThe easiest way how to sum up findings of the research is to answer the questions and hypotheses in the intromission by means of listing. 1.What are the differences between American and British English in passive voice containing modal verb constructions? When discussing the front man of passive voice between these two types of English, passive voice occurs in greater amount in British English (77 occurrences). 57 sentences were of American origin. 2.Is passive voice predominant in literature for children or in literature for grownups?My hypothesis that passive voice is less used in books that are concentrate mainly on juveniles seems to be incorrect. No differences in the oftenness of passive voice engagement were found. As it was mentioned before, more passive voice sentences were found in Harry Potter than in Hannibal. 3.Why was passive voi ce used instead of active?In the grammatical backgrou! nd, seven situations in which passive voice is capable were remark: when the agent of the action is unknown, unimportant or obvious; in academic writing; to avoid responsibility; to emphasise the agent; to put long subject at the end of clause or sentence; to put older information at the beginning of clause and when something is reported. In 98 out of 134 cases, the reason of passive voice was unknown, unimportant or generally obvious agent. The emphasis of agent was the second most frequent situation in which passive voice was used. Other types of usage are relatively rare. 4.Which modals are mostly used with passive voice?Answering this question is easy. The most frequent were central modals. In Harry Potter, 67 sentences with central modal verb were observed. Contrarily, two marginals and only one modal idiom occurred. Situation is similar in Hannibal, where 47 sentences were using central modals, one sentence with modal idiom was found and none of the sentences contained margi nal modal. Semi-modals occurred 7 quantify in Harry Potter and 9 times in Hannibal. 5.What time do passive modal structures refer to most often?Majority (about 85 %) of central modal referred to present time. In other groups, such extreme difference was not observed or the difference was slight. 6.Are there any disputes between theory and praxis?No disputes were noticed. Findings are in full compatible with grammatical theory. Bibliographies:Biber D., Johansson S., Leech G., Conrad S., & Finegan E. (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. capital of the United Kingdom: Longman., Harris T. (1999). Hannibal. bracing York: Random House, Inc., Hewings M. (2002). move on Grammar In Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, S., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: Longman., Rowling J. K. (2000). Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. London: Bloomsbury., Vince M. (1994). Advanced Language Practi ce. Oxford: Heinemann. ! If you want to get a full essay, smart set it on our website:
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